সূচিপত্র
1. Parts of Speech
Nouns: Name people, places, things, or ideas.
Pronouns: Replace nouns. (e.g., he, she, it)
Adjectives: Describe nouns.
Verbs: Show action or state of being.
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words.
Conjunctions: Join words, phrases, or clauses. (e.g., and, but, or)
Interjections: Express emotion. (e.g., Wow!, Ouch!)
2. Sentence Structure
- Subject + Verb + Object: Basic sentence structure.
- Example: She eats an apple.
- Clauses:
- Independent: Can stand alone.
- Dependent: Cannot stand alone.
- Phrases: A group of words without a subject-verb pair.
3. Tenses
- Present: I go, She goes.
- Past: I went, She went.
- Future: I will go, She will go.
- Each has four forms: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous.
4. Subject-Verb Agreement
The subject and verb must agree in number.
- Singular: He runs.
- Plural: They run.
5. Articles
- Definite: The (specific).
- Indefinite: A, An (general).
6. Modifiers
Adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and verbs, respectively.
- Adjective: A blue car.
- Adverb: She runs quickly.
7. Active and Passive Voice
- Active: The subject performs the action.
- Example: She wrote a letter.
- Passive: The subject receives the action.
- Example: A letter was written by her.
8. Punctuation Rules
- Periods: End sentences.
- Commas: Separate items or clauses.
- Apostrophes: Show possession or contractions.
- Quotation Marks: Enclose direct speech.
9. Direct and Indirect Speech
- Direct: “I am happy,” she said.
- Indirect: She said she was happy.
10. Conditional Sentences
- Zero: If it rains, the ground gets wet.
- First: If I study, I will pass.
- Second: If I were you, I would apologize.
- Third: If I had studied, I would have passed.
11. Phrasal Verbs
Verbs combined with prepositions or adverbs.
- Example: Give up, look after.
12. Question Formation
- Use helping verbs: Do, Does, Did.
- Example: Do you like coffee?
13. Prepositions
Words showing relationships of place, time, or direction.
- Example: In, on, at, for.
14. Gerunds and Infinitives
- Gerund: Verb + ing acting as a noun. (e.g., Swimming is fun.)
- Infinitive: To + verb. (e.g., To swim is relaxing.)
15. Conjunctions
- Coordinating: and, but, or.
- Subordinating: because, although, if.
- Correlative: either...or, neither...nor.
16. Determiners
Words that introduce nouns.
- Examples: Some, many, each.
17. Sentence Types
- Declarative: Statement.
- Interrogative: Question.
- Imperative: Command.
- Exclamatory: Strong emotion.
18. Word Formation
- Prefixes: Un-, dis-, re-.
- Suffixes: -ful, -ness, -ing.
19. Collocations
Words that commonly go together.
- Example: Make a decision, take a break.
20. Spelling Rules
- Drop the final e before adding -ing. (e.g., write → writing)
- Change y to i before adding -es. (e.g., baby → babies)
